Matery About Sintax ?

matery morphology by tika destia nindia

Morphology: The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified. MORPHEME The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning. Kinds of morphemes :  Free Morpheme  Bound Morpheme Free Mopheme: Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes) Example: • Bound morpheme Free morpheme Management manage + ment Types of Bound Morpheme:  Derivational Morphemes  Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes: 1) Change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Manage + ment management 2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes. Example: Brother + hood brotherhood 3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words. Example: Beauty + ful beautiful 4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes. Example: chillier Inflectional Morphemes: 1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Play + ing = playing 2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes. 3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. 4) Typically occur at the margins of words. WORD FORMATION Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word. Types of Word Formation: 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms 9. Root Creation 10. Toponyms 11. Affixation 12. Reduplication 13. Suppletion 14. Coinage 15. Borrowing 16. Initialism 17. Scale change 18. Functional Shift 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis 1. Compounding A process of combining two or more words to make a new word. Example: • Home + work Homework • Text + book textbook 2. Conversion A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word. Noun Verb = work – to work Verb Noun = to paper – paper Adj Verb = clean – to clean 3. Clipping A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables. Example: Hamburger  Burger Gasoline  Gas 4. Blending A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words. Examples: a. Wireless + Fidelity  Wifi b. Breakfast + lunch  Brunch c. Motor + hotel  Motel 5. Back Formation A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past. Examples: Editor  edit Television  televise 6. Acronym A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word. Example: • Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar(Radio detection and ranging) • ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation) 7. Onomatopoeia A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot) 8. Eponyms A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing. Example:  Cook Islands (James Cook)  Watt ( James Watt) 9. Root Creation A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing. Example: • Honda = Motorcycle • Aqua = Mineral water 10. Toponyms A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place. Example:  Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)  Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali) 11. Affixation A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix. Example: Disagreement dis agree ment suffix root prefix 12. Reduplication A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare. Example: • hip hop • zig zag • superduper 13. Suppletion A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word. Example: • Am - was • go - went 14. Coinage A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing. Examples: • Facebook • Vaseline 15. Borrowing Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English. Example: • Morphology (morpho & logos ) • Mango mangga (melayu) 16. Initialism The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word. Example: • OMG = Oh My God • USA = United State of America 17. Scale Change A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension. Example: • maximize • Superman 18. Functional Shift Shifting the part of speech to another one. Example: • Need • Run • Buy • Laugh 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis Example: • Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger • alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule. Suffix problems Work worker -er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works. Fast faster -er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’. Prefix problems Example: Imbalance Unlucky Incomplete Compare to other languages 1. English with Classical Greek 2. English with Tagalog MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words. We study morphological structure:  To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.  To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes. Types of Languages  Analytical Language  Synthetic Language Analytical Language Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact. Synthetic Language Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. The differences between analytical language and synthetic language Analytical language Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes). Example: [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’ [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano Synthetic language Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’ A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’ Synthetic Language  Agglutinating Languages  Fusional Languages  Polysynthetic Languages Agglutinating Languages Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning. Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’ U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’ U-li-soma ‘You were reading’ A-li-soma ‘He was reading’ Fusional language Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another. Example: Hablo ‘I am speaking’ Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’ Hablé ‘I spoke’ Hablamos ‘We are speaking’ Hablan ‘They are speaking’ Polysyntetic language Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word. Example: [Anin namyכten] anin nam - yכ – te – n Morphology: The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified. MORPHEME The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning. Kinds of morphemes :  Free Morpheme  Bound Morpheme Free Mopheme: Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes) Example: • Bound morpheme Free morpheme Management manage + ment Types of Bound Morpheme:  Derivational Morphemes  Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes: 1) Change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Manage + ment management 2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes. Example: Brother + hood brotherhood 3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words. Example: Beauty + ful beautiful 4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes. Example: chillier Inflectional Morphemes: 1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Play + ing = playing 2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes. 3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. 4) Typically occur at the margins of words. WORD FORMATION Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word. Types of Word Formation: 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms 9. Root Creation 10. Toponyms 11. Affixation 12. Reduplication 13. Suppletion 14. Coinage 15. Borrowing 16. Initialism 17. Scale change 18. Functional Shift 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis 1. Compounding A process of combining two or more words to make a new word. Example: • Home + work Homework • Text + book textbook 2. Conversion A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word. Noun Verb = work – to work Verb Noun = to paper – paper Adj Verb = clean – to clean 3. Clipping A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables. Example: Hamburger  Burger Gasoline  Gas 4. Blending A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words. Examples: a. Wireless + Fidelity  Wifi b. Breakfast + lunch  Brunch c. Motor + hotel  Motel 5. Back Formation A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past. Examples: Editor  edit Television  televise 6. Acronym A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word. Example: • Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar(Radio detection and ranging) • ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation) 7. Onomatopoeia A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot) 8. Eponyms A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing. Example:  Cook Islands (James Cook)  Watt ( James Watt) 9. Root Creation A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing. Example: • Honda = Motorcycle • Aqua = Mineral water 10. Toponyms A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place. Example:  Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)  Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali) 11. Affixation A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix. Example: Disagreement dis agree ment suffix root prefix 12. Reduplication A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare. Example: • hip hop • zig zag • superduper 13. Suppletion A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word. Example: • Am - was • go - went 14. Coinage A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing. Examples: • Facebook • Vaseline 15. Borrowing Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English. Example: • Morphology (morpho & logos ) • Mango mangga (melayu) 16. Initialism The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word. Example: • OMG = Oh My God • USA = United State of America 17. Scale Change A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension. Example: • maximize • Superman 18. Functional Shift Shifting the part of speech to another one. Example: • Need • Run • Buy • Laugh 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis Example: • Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger • alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule. Suffix problems Work worker -er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works. Fast faster -er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’. Prefix problems Example: Imbalance Unlucky Incomplete Compare to other languages 1. English with Classical Greek 2. English with Tagalog MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words. We study morphological structure:  To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.  To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes. Types of Languages  Analytical Language  Synthetic Language Analytical Language Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact. Synthetic Language Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. The differences between analytical language and synthetic language Analytical language Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes). Example: [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’ [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano Synthetic language Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’ A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’ Synthetic Language  Agglutinating Languages  Fusional Languages  Polysynthetic Languages Agglutinating Languages Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning. Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’ U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’ U-li-soma ‘You were reading’ A-li-soma ‘He was reading’ Fusional language Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another. Example: Hablo ‘I am speaking’ Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’ Hablé ‘I spoke’ Hablamos ‘We are speaking’ Hablan ‘They are speaking’ Polysyntetic language Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word. Example: [Anin namyכten] anin nam - yכ – te – n Morphology: The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified. MORPHEME The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning. Kinds of morphemes :  Free Morpheme  Bound Morpheme Free Mopheme: Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes) Example: • Bound morpheme Free morpheme Management manage + ment Types of Bound Morpheme:  Derivational Morphemes  Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes: 1) Change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Manage + ment management 2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes. Example: Brother + hood brotherhood 3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words. Example: Beauty + ful beautiful 4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes. Example: chillier Inflectional Morphemes: 1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Play + ing = playing 2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes. 3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. 4) Typically occur at the margins of words. WORD FORMATION Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word. Types of Word Formation: 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms 9. Root Creation 10. Toponyms 11. Affixation 12. Reduplication 13. Suppletion 14. Coinage 15. Borrowing 16. Initialism 17. Scale change 18. Functional Shift 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis 1. Compounding A process of combining two or more words to make a new word. Example: • Home + work Homework • Text + book textbook 2. Conversion A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word. Noun Verb = work – to work Verb Noun = to paper – paper Adj Verb = clean – to clean 3. Clipping A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables. Example: Hamburger  Burger Gasoline  Gas 4. Blending A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words. Examples: a. Wireless + Fidelity  Wifi b. Breakfast + lunch  Brunch c. Motor + hotel  Motel 5. Back Formation A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past. Examples: Editor  edit Television  televise 6. Acronym A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word. Example: • Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar(Radio detection and ranging) • ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation) 7. Onomatopoeia A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot) 8. Eponyms A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing. Example:  Cook Islands (James Cook)  Watt ( James Watt) 9. Root Creation A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing. Example: • Honda = Motorcycle • Aqua = Mineral water 10. Toponyms A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place. Example:  Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)  Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali) 11. Affixation A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix. Example: Disagreement dis agree ment suffix root prefix 12. Reduplication A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare. Example: • hip hop • zig zag • superduper 13. Suppletion A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word. Example: • Am - was • go - went 14. Coinage A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing. Examples: • Facebook • Vaseline 15. Borrowing Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English. Example: • Morphology (morpho & logos ) • Mango mangga (melayu) 16. Initialism The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word. Example: • OMG = Oh My God • USA = United State of America 17. Scale Change A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension. Example: • maximize • Superman 18. Functional Shift Shifting the part of speech to another one. Example: • Need • Run • Buy • Laugh 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis Example: • Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger • alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule. Suffix problems Work worker -er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works. Fast faster -er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’. Prefix problems Example: Imbalance Unlucky Incomplete Compare to other languages 1. English with Classical Greek 2. English with Tagalog MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words. We study morphological structure:  To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.  To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes. Types of Languages  Analytical Language  Synthetic Language Analytical Language Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact. Synthetic Language Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. The differences between analytical language and synthetic language Analytical language Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes). Example: [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’ [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano Synthetic language Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’ A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’ Synthetic Language  Agglutinating Languages  Fusional Languages  Polysynthetic Languages Agglutinating Languages Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning. Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’ U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’ U-li-soma ‘You were reading’ A-li-soma ‘He was reading’ Fusional language Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another. Example: Hablo ‘I am speaking’ Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’ Hablé ‘I spoke’ Hablamos ‘We are speaking’ Hablan ‘They are speaking’ Polysyntetic language Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word. Example: [Anin namyכten] anin nam - yכ – te – n Morphology: The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified. MORPHEME The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning. Kinds of morphemes :  Free Morpheme  Bound Morpheme Free Mopheme: Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes) Example: • Bound morpheme Free morpheme Management manage + ment Types of Bound Morpheme:  Derivational Morphemes  Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes: 1) Change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Manage + ment management 2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes. Example: Brother + hood brotherhood 3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words. Example: Beauty + ful beautiful 4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes. Example: chillier Inflectional Morphemes: 1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Play + ing = playing 2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes. 3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. 4) Typically occur at the margins of words. WORD FORMATION Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word. Types of Word Formation: 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms 9. Root Creation 10. Toponyms 11. Affixation 12. Reduplication 13. Suppletion 14. Coinage 15. Borrowing 16. Initialism 17. Scale change 18. Functional Shift 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis 1. Compounding A process of combining two or more words to make a new word. Example: • Home + work Homework • Text + book textbook 2. Conversion A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word. Noun Verb = work – to work Verb Noun = to paper – paper Adj Verb = clean – to clean 3. Clipping A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables. Example: Hamburger  Burger Gasoline  Gas 4. Blending A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words. Examples: a. Wireless + Fidelity  Wifi b. Breakfast + lunch  Brunch c. Motor + hotel  Motel 5. Back Formation A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past. Examples: Editor  edit Television  televise 6. Acronym A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word. Example: • Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar(Radio detection and ranging) • ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation) 7. Onomatopoeia A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot) 8. Eponyms A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing. Example:  Cook Islands (James Cook)  Watt ( James Watt) 9. Root Creation A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing. Example: • Honda = Motorcycle • Aqua = Mineral water 10. Toponyms A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place. Example:  Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)  Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali) 11. Affixation A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix. Example: Disagreement dis agree ment suffix root prefix 12. Reduplication A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare. Example: • hip hop • zig zag • superduper 13. Suppletion A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word. Example: • Am - was • go - went 14. Coinage A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing. Examples: • Facebook • Vaseline 15. Borrowing Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English. Example: • Morphology (morpho & logos ) • Mango mangga (melayu) 16. Initialism The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word. Example: • OMG = Oh My God • USA = United State of America 17. Scale Change A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension. Example: • maximize • Superman 18. Functional Shift Shifting the part of speech to another one. Example: • Need • Run • Buy • Laugh 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis Example: • Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger • alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule. Suffix problems Work worker -er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works. Fast faster -er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’. Prefix problems Example: Imbalance Unlucky Incomplete Compare to other languages 1. English with Classical Greek 2. English with Tagalog MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words. We study morphological structure:  To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.  To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes. Types of Languages  Analytical Language  Synthetic Language Analytical Language Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact. Synthetic Language Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. The differences between analytical language and synthetic language Analytical language Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes). Example: [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’ [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano Synthetic language Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’ A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’ Synthetic Language  Agglutinating Languages  Fusional Languages  Polysynthetic Languages Agglutinating Languages Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning. Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’ U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’ U-li-soma ‘You were reading’ A-li-soma ‘He was reading’ Fusional language Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another. Example: Hablo ‘I am speaking’ Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’ Hablé ‘I spoke’ Hablamos ‘We are speaking’ Hablan ‘They are speaking’ Polysyntetic language Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word. Example: [Anin namyכten] anin nam - yכ – te – n Morphology: The study of internal structure of words and how they can be modified. MORPHEME The minimal linguistic unit which has a meaning and grammatical meaning. Kinds of morphemes :  Free Morpheme  Bound Morpheme Free Mopheme: Morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. Bound Morpheme: Morpheme that can’t be uttered alone with meaning. (suffixes) Example: • Bound morpheme Free morpheme Management manage + ment Types of Bound Morpheme:  Derivational Morphemes  Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes: 1) Change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Manage + ment management 2) Typically occur with only some members of a class of morphemes. Example: Brother + hood brotherhood 3) Typically indicate semantic relations within the words. Example: Beauty + ful beautiful 4) Typically occur before inflectional suffixes. Example: chillier Inflectional Morphemes: 1) Do not change of meaning or part of speech. Example: Play + ing = playing 2) Typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes. 3) Typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. 4) Typically occur at the margins of words. WORD FORMATION Word formation is the branch of lexicology that studies a process of creating new word. Types of Word Formation: 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms 9. Root Creation 10. Toponyms 11. Affixation 12. Reduplication 13. Suppletion 14. Coinage 15. Borrowing 16. Initialism 17. Scale change 18. Functional Shift 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis 1. Compounding A process of combining two or more words to make a new word. Example: • Home + work Homework • Text + book textbook 2. Conversion A process of changing a part of speech, but not change the form of word. Noun Verb = work – to work Verb Noun = to paper – paper Adj Verb = clean – to clean 3. Clipping A process of shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables. Example: Hamburger  Burger Gasoline  Gas 4. Blending A process of combining two words by joining or deleting parts of the words. Examples: a. Wireless + Fidelity  Wifi b. Breakfast + lunch  Brunch c. Motor + hotel  Motel 5. Back Formation A process of removing affixes from a word. In this case the word was morpheme in the past. Examples: Editor  edit Television  televise 6. Acronym A process of making the initial letters of several words become a new word. Example: • Laser (light amplification through stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar(Radio detection and ranging) • ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nation) 7. Onomatopoeia A word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: beep , click, chime, bang! (gunshot) 8. Eponyms A process of using the name of person who has discover a place or thing. Example:  Cook Islands (James Cook)  Watt ( James Watt) 9. Root Creation A procces of creating a new word by mentioning one of brand of thing become the name of that thing. Example: • Honda = Motorcycle • Aqua = Mineral water 10. Toponyms A process of mentioning the name of a place, without explaining the type of the place. Example:  Bromo (the name of the mount in east java)  Kuta ( the name of the beach in Bali) 11. Affixation A Process of forming words by adding prefix and suffix. Example: Disagreement dis agree ment suffix root prefix 12. Reduplication A process of forming new words by doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication), but it is extremely rare. Example: • hip hop • zig zag • superduper 13. Suppletion A relationship between forms of a word where in one form derived from the other word. Example: • Am - was • go - went 14. Coinage A process of mentioning completely new word that made up from the name of companies, new products, or processes that just special purpose for one thing. Examples: • Facebook • Vaseline 15. Borrowing Words are created by borrowing from another language and incorporating into English. Example: • Morphology (morpho & logos ) • Mango mangga (melayu) 16. Initialism The first letters of a group of words are combined into a single word which the letters are pronounced separately or can’t be pronounced as a word. Example: • OMG = Oh My God • USA = United State of America 17. Scale Change A process adding affixes to the base word to indicate the dimension. Example: • maximize • Superman 18. Functional Shift Shifting the part of speech to another one. Example: • Need • Run • Buy • Laugh 19. Morpholgical Misanalysis Example: • Hamburger Steak - ham + burger steakburger • alcoholic - alco + holic sugarholic HOW TO SOLVE MORPHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Morphological problem is difficulties about words structure, because not all of words combained as the rule. Suffix problems Work worker -er attaches to verb to form a noun and means something like one who works. Fast faster -er attaches to adjectives to form a new adjective, with extra meaning ‘more’. Prefix problems Example: Imbalance Unlucky Incomplete Compare to other languages 1. English with Classical Greek 2. English with Tagalog MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF LANGUAGE Morphological structure is the structure which consists of the elements to form words. We study morphological structure:  To know the structure which consists of the elements to form words.  To form a new meaning of the word is formed by several morphemes. Types of Languages  Analytical Language  Synthetic Language Analytical Language Analytic or isolating languages are made up of sequences of free morpheme-each word consist of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning intact. Synthetic Language Synthetic language signify the meanings of sentences by combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. The differences between analytical language and synthetic language Analytical language Analytical language do not use affixes (prefixes or suffixes). Example: [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin] ‘we (I-plural) are playing the piano’ [Wo mΛn tyεn tsin lΛ] ‘we played the piano Synthetic language Combining free and bound morpheme to make up word. Example: Az ember lat a kutyat ‘the man sees the dog’ A kutya lat az embert ‘the dog sees the man’ Synthetic Language  Agglutinating Languages  Fusional Languages  Polysynthetic Languages Agglutinating Languages Agglutinating languages are languages in which the affixes can be separated easily from the stem, and in which each affix generally conveys only one meaning. Example: Ni-na-soma ‘I am reading’ ni-ta-soma ‘I will read’ U-na-soma ‘You are reading’ u-ta-soma A-na-soma ‘he is reading’ a-ta-soma Ni-li-soma ‘I was reading’ U-li-soma ‘You were reading’ A-li-soma ‘He was reading’ Fusional language Fusional language are language in which the affixes and the base are fused together in pronounciation, and therefore not easily separated from one another. Example: Hablo ‘I am speaking’ Habla ‘He (she) is speaking’ Hablé ‘I spoke’ Hablamos ‘We are speaking’ Hablan ‘They are speaking’ Polysyntetic language Polysyntetic language are languages in which several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word. Example: [Anin namyכten] anin nam - yכ – te – n

matery phonology

What is Phonology Phonology is brach linguistik which combination with organisation sistematis language in sounds. That after tradisiona way l berfokus` at study system fonem ecpecially language (and that because used too that fonemis,or fonetic), but maybe too cover every analisislinguistik good at lower level word (including tribal word, onset and rime, artikulation movement i,features artikulalation , Mora, etc) or the all level language where sounds considered structured to deliver mean linguistics. Phonology too cover study system organitation which equal with language cue. Part from language which study about sounds /the rules of sounds and way produce.. Phonology that is part important from sounds in the language pronunciation Function Phonology 1. For knowing sounds change at a word . 2. Learn about procces sounds formation ,delivery/ pronunciation. 3. Learn way work organ human body firstly which combination with use language. Rule Phonology – Phonetic Phonetic learn how a sounds which the result by human that itrue way . while phonolgy is science which basic fonetic and learn fonetica system . – said tool Said tool is organ at body human which function in pronunciation language sounds . organs which involved as : lung , laring, faring, lip, tongue ,alveolum, cavity nose,m palatum , velum,and uvula, tooth. Said tool divided 2 : Alticulator pasif : organs which no move stay happen in articulatory sounds as lip up, tooth up and analveolum . and articulator aktif : organ which move to articulatory pasive for result kinds sounds language with way kind . articulatory aktif is tongue, uvula, mandible ( tooth under and lip under ) ). – Procces fonasi Fonasi or procces voiced is a procces where sounds pita in through resulting sounds with tautan pasusra ex . conconan h and k , karenaitudisebutbunyiantanpasuara.Bunyian vocal (a, i, u, e, o) dihasilkandengangetaran pita suara, makadisebutbunyianbersuara. – Klasification language Klasifiktion language that is a metode for compilling data withb way systematis or according to rule kaidah which after assigned in language group – Klasification vocal Klasification vocal is a metode for compilling data way systematis or according to rule kaidah which afteer assigned in group. – Silabel Silabel or word suku that is one fonem or more which be marked by one summit to kenyaringan fonem which located at vocal .. Thanks for attantion :D .