code mixing and code switching in sociolinguistics

Code Switching and Code Mixing-Sociolinguistics Study

Code-Switching
Code-switching is changing event from one code to another. For example, at first someone uses Indonesian language, and then he/she switches into Javanese. This event manifests in switch of regional, social, style and register variants. In code-switching, the use of two or more languages is marked by:

    (a) Each language still supports its own functions based on the contexts;
    (b) Each language function is based on relevant situation with contexts change.

Internal Code-Switching
If the code-switching occurs among regional languages in one national language, or among dialects in one regional language, or among some styles in one dialect, it is called as Internal Code-switching.
External Code-Switching
If code-switching occurs among native language and foreign language is called as External Code-switching. Ex. “Ah this man Hotman got his organization to contribute a lot of money to the Armsterdamer fancy-fair. Ben jij naaar de optocht geweest?”

Influencing Factors of Code-switching
1.    Speaker (O1)
2.    Hearer (O2)
3.    The Presence of the Third Person (O3)
4.    Topic
5.    To arouse humorous feeling
6.    For prestige

Linguistic Convergence
The other features of code-mixing are that the language or variant elements that are inserted in other language have no more functions. These elements have united in the language they are inserted is called as Linguistic Convergence. Inner Code-mixing: originated from the native language with its all variations. Outer Code-mixing: originated from foreign language.

Code-Mixing
Code-Mixing: The use of two or more language by putting in/inserting linguistic elements in one language into other language consistently. In code-mixing, dependency features are marked by the relationship between the language role and function. If the speaker mixes his/her code/language, then it must be asked who the speaker is: his/her social background, level of education, religion, etc. A speaker who masters many languages will have chance to mix code more than the other speaker who only masters one or two languages.

The Factors Influencing Code-mixing
There are two types of factors influencing code-mixing:
(1)    Attitudinal(perilaku) type (seen from attitude background)
(2)    Linguistic type (seen from linguistic background)

Those two types are often dependent and overlap each other. 
Some reasons to mix code
(a)    Role identification è parameter: social, registral, educational
(b)    Style identification è parameter: the language use
(c)    The desire to explain and interpret è parameter: the speaker’s attitude and relationship with other persons and the reverse.
So, code-mixing occurs when there is co-relationship between the role of (speaker), linguistic forms and language functions.

Examples
The use of Dutch language represents that the speaker is educated and “tempo doeloe” person.
The use of ‘krama inggil’ in Indonesia- Javanese language represents that the speaker is from royal family or “bangsawan” Etc.

Some Code-mixing Forms

• Elements inserted in the from of words, example : in Indonesian language can be found “Mangka seringkali sok ada kata-kata seolah-olah bahasa daerah itu kurang penting”.
• Elements inserted in the form of phrases, Example : in Indonesian language can be found “Nah, karena sudah kadhung apik sama dia ya tak teken".
• Elements inserted in the form of busters, Example: Banyak klap malam harus ditutup, Hendaknya segera diadakan hutanisasi kembali.
• Elements inserted in the form of reduplication, Example: Sudah waktunya kita menghindari backing-backingan dan klik-klikan.

pidgin and creole languages

PIDGIN And CREOLE LANGUAGES

Definition of Pidgin and Creole

ü  A Pidgin is a language with no native speaker it is no one’s first language but is a contact language.

ü  A Creole is often define as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.

LOCATION

The origin of pidgin comes from colonialsm, trade and slavery. Pidgin languages started started to develop in areas where are colonism and trades came and settled. Pidgin is a mix of local languages with influence of English,French,Portuguese,Spanish,dutch,Arabic,Chinese etc.

A pidgin has no native speakers. If you have a native speakers language is called a creole language. So, creole is a pidgin development that has had a parent language(mother tongue). Some languages are consired creole language in indonesi. Among others,is the malay language and Betawi malay ambon. So, creole is the result of language contact as well which is the development of a pidgin.

Pidgin creole arises when a mother tongue in a particular community. The structure is still describe the structure of pidgin, creole but called for being their mother tongue. Pidgin used by his descendant were then frozen as their first language. It just said creole pidgin language if this has been going on for generation.

For example pidgin is used now this

And now pidgin language used for waria/bencong and only their community can understand the meaning .

THERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS

1.       What the different between pidgin and creole

2.       How to made procces creole and pidgin

3.       What the streakiness and weakness of the pidgin and creole

4.       Since when the pidgin and creole start to used

5.       Does pidgin and creole used sign language?

aadding matery about them

Lingua Franca

Lingua Franca might be the most commonly recognised of these three terms. In essence, a lingua franca is one that is used for communication between people who have no native language in common. This helps to facilitate trade and cultural exchange which helps to explain why lingua francas were also called “trade” or “bridge” languages.

While these days, the lingua franca of the world is undoubtedly English, it wasn’t always like that. Throughout history and in various places around the globe, various other languages have been used to the same effect: Greek was used in the heyday of the Hellenistic influence, Latin during the Roman Empire, Aramaic in Western Asia, and today, French, Urdu, and Swahili are used as the lingua franca in certain parts of the world. Actually, the term lingua franca originates from a particular language that was used for communication around the Mediterranean area for around eight centuries. It was based on a simplified version of Italian, with many additions from Spanish, Portuguese, Berber, Turkish, French, Greek, and Arabic. The words “lingua franca” themselves mean “language of the Franks” in Latin, although the term “Franks” covered the whole population of Western Europe.

Although quite often many pidgin and creole languages can function as lingua francas, lingua francas themselves most often are neither pidgin nor creole.

Pidgin Languages

Pidgin languages share the main characteristic of a lingua franca in that they are used as a means of communication between different communities. Where they differ from the previous is that pidgin languages have no native speakers. Often, pidgin languages are based on a simplified version of one main language, while borrowing vocabulary and grammar from several additional languages. So, the original lingua franca used around the Mediterranean was a pidgin language, for example – based on simplified Italian, with additions from Greek, French, Arabic, and others. Alternatively, they can originate from mixing together several simplified languages.

At their core, pidgin languages are a very simplified means of communication. Much of the “language” can come down to mixing voice and hand signals, in an effort to make oneself understood to someone from a different community. There are very few grammatical rules and the language can develop impromptu – during the course of a single encounter. Over the course of several encounters, a more conventional form of pidgin can develop; and creole languages take that step even further.

Creole languages

All creole languages are derived from forms of pidgins – they are simply pidgin languages that have been spoken across generations and which have developed a community of native speakers. While pidgins are characterised by an extremely simplified structure and are simply used to “get by” when communicating with someone whose native language you don’t speak, creoles start to re-introduce more complex grammar. They have their own vocabulary which is distinct from their origin languages’ and a fully developed system of grammar.

There is even a theory that English itself might be a creole language. When the language developed from Old English into Middle English, it underwent such drastic changes that some scholars believe it took on characteristics of a pidgin during the Norman Conquest. Since there are now native English speakers across the planet, it would mean that English is the most common creole tongue. Otherwise, the title is held by Haitian Creole – a language based on French with influences from Portuguese, Spanish, English, and West African languages – the native language of around 10-12 million people.

The Status of Pidgin and Creole languages

Most pidgin and creole languages have developed due to the past colonising tendencies of many European countries. Haitian Creole has obvious roots in that, as does Nigerian pidgin English – possibly the most widely spread form of pidgin. Because of this, however, many of these forms of language also suffer from a perceived lack of prestige.

When, because of the Atlantic slave trade, many of different languages started arriving in Haiti and the local French (brought by the colonisers) started to become a pidgin, this new language was looked down upon by the authorities. Dubbed “the poor man’s French”, it was considered lower than the original form. While it can seem bizarre that what is essentially a means of communication should require any level of “prestige”, this view had long-lasting consequences. Up until the beginning of the 21st century, all children in Haitian schools received their education in French. Since Haitian Creole is mutually unintelligible with French, this effectively meant learning in a second language.

Conclusion – Lingua Franca, Pidgin, and Creole Language All Facilitate Communication Between Groups

In their own ways, all of these three forms of communication are designed to bring people from different groups together. Whether it is by using a third language or by mixing several together – lingua franca and pidgin languages are all used to facilitate communication between groups whom otherwise would find it impossible. And since languages seem to almost take on a mind of their own, evolving and developing over time, creoles are simply the natural progression of the very human need to connect to others.

Language,Dialect and Varieties in sociolinguistics

LANGUAGE,DIALECT and VARIETIES
Dialect: a language variety,spoken by a speech communication that is characteristics by syntaxtic feature.
Language :  is the method of human communication either spoken or wtitten,consisting of the use of words in a structured and convensional way.
Varieties : is the therm used for to replace both term.
• Kinds of Dialect
~ Regional Dialect : there may even be very distinctive local coloring in the language which you notice as you move from on location to another such distinctive vatieties are usually regional dialect of the language.
~ Social Dialect : the term dialect also  be used to describe differences in speech assosiated with various social groups or classes. There are Social dialect as well as regional onls.
There are some questions
1. How do we know thhe origin original of people based on their dialect by using the same language ?
》》 the dialect of a region can be known based on the  sound,the preasure,the describe of the tone and the short lenght of the language sounds referring to particular area.
2. What is the diferrent between dialect and accent.
》》 accent: focuss to sounds (pronuoun,tekanan)
         Dialect : adding words
3. How about slank?
》》 slang is language gaul/dialect nonformal
4. How accent/dialect can be change when we come to the new area& new social group?
》》 can change. Depending on environment how the use dialect if the places of origin usinh the same dialect and accent
5. How between idiom and slang?
》》An idiom refers to a group of words established by usage and having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.
• On the other hand, slang is words, phrases and uses that are regarded as very informal and are often restricted to special contexts or are peculiar in a specified profession, class, etc.