Speech Communities
1.
Introduction
Language is both an individual possession and a social possession. We would expect,therefore, that certain individuals would behave linguistically like other individuals: theymight be said to speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety.
2.
Definition
Lyons (1970, p. 326) offers a definition of what he calls a ‘real’ speech community:‘all the people who use a given language (or dialect).’ However, that really shifts the issue
to making the definition of a language (or of a dialect) also the definition of a speechcommunity. If speech communities are defined solely by their linguistic characteristics, wemust acknowledge the inherent circularity of any such definition in that language itself is acommunal possession. Giles, Scherer, and Taylor (1979, p. 351) say:
“…through speech markers functionally important social categorizations are
discriminated, and . . . these have important implications for social organization. Forhumans, speech markers have clear parallels . . . it is evident that social categories ofage, sex, ethnicity, social class, and situation can be clearly marked on the basis ofspeech, and that such categorization is fundamental to social organization eventhough many of the categories are also easily discriminated on
other bases…”
3.
Intersecting Communities
The fact that people do use expressions such as
New York speech
,
London speech
, and
South African speech
indicates that they have some idea of how ‘typical’ person from each
place speaks, that is, of what it is like to be a member of a particular speech communitysomewhat loosely defined. Such a person may be said to be typical by virtue of observingthe linguistic norms one associates with the particular place in question.
Preston in Wardhaugh, shows that a person’s perceptions of the language
characteristics of particular areas do not always accord with linguistic facts. Rosen inWardhaugh, has also indicated some of the problems you find in trying to call a city likeLondon a speech community and in describing exactly what characterizes its speech.
We can easily see how difficult it is to relate the concept of ‘speech community’
directly to language or languages spoken and even to groups and norms. In that situation,which requires one to take as a marriage partner someone who speaks an entirely different
language and furthermore requires the female to join the male’s household, multilingualism
is endemic and normal.However, each residential community has its unique multilingual mix and nolanguage equates in distribution to a specific residential community. Such a situation is notunique. Many other parts of the world would have some of the same multilingualcharacteristics.
4.
Networks and Repertoires
Dubois and Horvath (1999, p. 307) acknowledge that while the concept of socialnetworks seems to be useful in studying language behavior in urban settings, itseffectiveness in nonurban settings, in their case among English
– French bilingual Cajuns inrural Louisiana, is not so clear.An individual also has a
speech repertoire
; that is, he or she controls a number ofvarieties of a language or of two or more languages. Quite often, many individuals will havevirtually identical repertoires.
We have seen that ‘speech community’ may be an impossibly difficult concep
t todefine. But in attempting to do so, we have also become aware that it may be just as difficultto characterize the speech of a single individual. Perhaps that second failure followsinevitably from the first. We should be very cautious therefore about definitive statements
we may be tempted to make about how a particular individual speaks, the classic concept of
‘idiolect.’
5. Questions
a.
What are the weakness and the strength of Speech CommunitiesAnswer : weakness are, we will forget our mother tongue, we will be feeling arrogant, andnot all people can understand what we are talking about. The strengths are, we cancommunicate with people having different language (if we can speak theirlanguage), and we can get more knowledge. b.
What’s the problem that you get from speech communities ?Answer : not all people are tolerant each other. And when a certain community speaks intheir language, there is possibility that other communities mock their speakcommunities. and there is no respect each other, it seems like discriminationc.
What is multilingual characteristics ?Answer : multilingual characteristics means certain communities speaking more than twolanguage have different characteristics.d.
What does mean “an individual has a speech repertoire” ?
Answer : repertoire is language and its variations had and mastered by its native speakers.Everyone masters and uses many variations of their mother tongue known andused by them in community, job, and their business.
5.
Conclusion
Language is a system, it means that language is formed by patterned component permanently and can be verified. Language is also a tool that can be used to interact used bycertain communities to communicate each other. Speech communities can be happened
between a group using same language and different language, with provision among themthat is, understanding each other.
6.
Suggestion
As a part of community, we cannot judge other speech community just because weinterpret their language is bad. We actually do not know what their
language’s mean, so as a
English Education Department students, we need to more tolerant their language if they stilluse their language in their
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